saints will in no wise have an earthly kingdom, but only a celestial one; thus must cease the fable of one thousand years.” Jerome was not alone in his attack on literal interpretation and millennial expectations. In City of God, Augustine repeatedly dismissed any hope for an earthly or physical millennial kingdom. Through the writings of men such as Jerome, Julian of Toledo, Gregory the Great, and most notably Augustine, literal interpretation of the Bible, and especially Daniel and Revelation,